Erik LevlinDocent, PhD
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Curriculum VitaePersonal Data
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Academic BackgroundM.Sc. (Bergsingenjör), 1976 School of Metallurgy and Material Science, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden. M.Sc. (Teknisk Licentiat), 1982 Dep. of Applied Electrochemistry and Corrosion Science, School of Chemistry, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden. PhD. (Teknisk doktor) 1993 Dep. of Applied Electrochemistry and Corrosion Science, School of Chemistry, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden. Abstract Associate professor, (Docent) 2008 in Environmental Engineering Professional ExperiencePh.D-student (1976 to 1993), Assistant (1976-1982) and Course assistant in Corrosion Science (1976 - 2002) at the Dep. of Applied Electrochemistry and Corrosion Science (Since 1993 Div. of Corrosion Science), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. Investigation task (November 1983 to May 1984) at the National Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm, Sweden. Research work Since 1986, Division of Water Resources Engineering, from 2001 Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, from 2013 Department of Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. Environmental Investigator (August 2002 to January 2003) for the Governement of Åland, Mariehamn. Researcher (2008-2016) IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute |
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PublicationsEnvironment and Sewage sludge2020: 2018: 2017: 2016: Levlin, E., Thus, K. & Lüdtke, M., C. Economical process for power to biogas with use of an ordinary sewage sludge digester. 2nd IWA Conference on Holistic Sludge Management June 7-9, 2016 Malmö poster Lüdtke, M., Berg, M., Berg, S., Baresel, C., Söhr, S., Bengtsson, L., & Levlin, E. Rötning med integrerad slamförtjockning för ökad biogasproduktion SVU rapport, 2016-06 2015: Yang, J., Trela, J., Plaza, E., Wahlberg, O. & Levlin, E. Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) as a control parameter in a single-stage partial nitritation/anammox process treating reject water Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology DOI: 10.1002/jctb.4849 2014: Levlin, E. Förbehandling av bioslam för ökad biogasproduktion och Uppgradering av biogas TRITA-LWR Report, 2014:05 Levlin, E., Tjus, K., Fortkamp, U., Ek, M., Baresel, C., Palm, O. & Ljung E. Metoder för fosforåtervinning ur avloppsslam IVL Rapport B2184 2013: Levlin, E. & Bengtsson, L. EXERT extended sludge retention process with sludge recirculation to increase biogas production IWA Specialist Conference Holistic Sludge Management 6-8 May 2013 Västerås Sweden Tomczak-Wandzel, R., Levlin, E., Ekengren, Ö. & Baresel, C. Biogas production from fish wastes in co-digestion with sewage sludge IWA Specialist Conference Holistic Sludge Management 6-8 May 2013 Västerås Sweden. 2012: 2011: Levlin E., Bengtsson L. & Baresel C. Anaerobic contact reactor with sludge recirculation to increase biogas production. 12th Nordic Wastewater Conference Helsinki Finland November 14-16, 2011 poster Baresel, C., Ek, M., Ekengren, Ö., Levlin, E., Bengtsson, L., Trela, J. & Plaza, E. Hammarby Sjöstadsverk. Uppstart av Försöks- och Demonstrationsanläggningen för Framtidens Kommunala VA-Teknik IVL Rapport B1954 2010: Levlin E. Maximazing sludge and biogas production for counteracting global warming. International scientific seminar, Research and application of new technologies in wastewater treatment and municipal solid waste disposal in Ukraine, Sweden and Poland 23-25 september 2009 Stockholm , Report No 16. Joint Polish - Swedish Reports, TRITA.LWR REPORT 3026, ISBN 978-91-7415-523-5, pp. 95-104 paper. Levlin E. Conductivity measurements for controlling municipal wastewater treatment, International scientific seminar, Research and application of new technologies in wastewater treatment and municipal solid waste disposal in Ukraine, Sweden and Poland 26-28 October 2007 Ostron Poland, Report No 15. Joint Polish - Swedish Reports, TRITA.LWR REPORT 3024, ISBN 978-91-7415-412-2, pp. 51-62 paper. 2009: Levlin E. Nutrient removal without carbon source for achieving maximum biogas production and P recovery. 2nd IWA Specialized Conferens nutrient management in wastewater treatment processes, Proceedings pp. 1161-1163. Levlin E., Hassanzadeh, R., Soh, R.A. Hultman, B. & Plaza, E. A pilot-plant research facility in Stockholm - Possibilities to test new treatment processes as magnesium salt addition to meet requirements for the future. 2nd IWA Specialized Conferens nutrient management in wastewater treatment processes, Proceedings pp. 1159-1160. 2008: Levlin E. & Hultman B. Konduktivitetsmätningar som mät- och kontrollmetod vid kommunala avloppsanläggningar (Conductivity measurements as measure and control method for municipal wastewater treatment), Svenskt Vatten Utveckling Rapport Nr 2008-04, 51 pages, report. 2007: Levlin E. Phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge - Two-step leaching process with acid and base, Proceedings of Polish-Swedish seminars Krakow March 17-19, 2005, Report No 13. Joint Polish - Swedish Reports, TRITA.LWR REPORT 3018, ISBN 978-91-7178-826-9, pp. 71-80 paper. Levlin E. & Hultman B. Phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge - Ideas for further studies to improve leaching, Proceedings of Polish-Swedish seminars Stockholm June 5-9, 2004, Report No 12. Joint Polish - Swedish Reports, TRITA.LWR REPORT 3017, ISBN 978-91-7178-825-2, pp. 61-70 paper. 2006: 2005: 2004: Levlin E. Sustainable and integrated sewage and organic waste handling with global warming impact, a case study of Åland and energy recovery by SCWO or anaerobic digestion. Proceedings of a Polish-Swedish seminar Wisla Poland, October 25-18, 2003, Report No 11. Joint Polish - Swedish Reports, TRITA.LWR REPORT 3007, ISBN 91-7283-664-4, pp. 1-8, paper. Levlin E., Löwén M. & Stark K. Lakning av slamrest från förbränning och superkritisk vattenoxidation, (Leaching of sludge residue from incineration and supercritical water oxidation) VA-Forsk, 2004-03, 27 pages, report. Levlin E., Löwén M. & Stark K. Phosphorus recovery from sludge incineration ash and Supercritical Water Oxidation residues with use of acids and bases. Proceedings of a Polish-Swedish seminar Wisla Poland, October 25-18, 2003, Report No 11. Joint Polish - Swedish Reports, TRITA.LWR REPORT 3007, ISBN 91-7283-664-4, pp. 19-28 paper. Levlin E. & Stark K. Phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge after incineration or Supercritical Water Oxidation. The first Conference on the Volarization of Phosphates and Phosphorous Compounds COVAPHOS 1, Marrakech Morroco, October 11-13, 2004, Abstracts, O6-03, pp. 262-264. 2003: Hultman B. Levlin E. & Plaza E. Part C, Chapter 17: Resources Management and technology of clean water, Environmental Science, A Baltic University Publication, Uppsala University, ISBN 91-970017-0-8, pp. 505-533. Bok Hultman B., Levlin E., Plaza E. & Stark K. Phosphorus recovery from sludge in Sweden - possibilities to meet proposed goals in an efficient, sustainable and economical way. Proceedings of a Polish-Swedish seminar Gdansk Poland, March 23-25, 2003, Report No 10. Joint Polish - Swedish Reports, TRITA.LWR REPORT 3004, ISBN 91-7283-471-4, pp. 19-28, paper. Kapilashrami S., Cederwall K. & Levlin E. Exceptional flood
and water quality. Levlin
E. Bedömning av utsläpp av växthusgaser och andra
luftföroreningar på Åland. (Evaluation of emission
of greenhouse gases and other air pollutants on Åland) Levlin
E. & Hultman B. Phosphorus recovery from phosphate rich side-streams
in wastewater treatment plants Proceedings of a Polish-Swedish seminar
Gdansk Poland, March 23-25, 2003, Report No 10. Joint Polish - Swedish
Reports, TRITA.LWR REPORT 3004, 2002: Hultman B., Levlin E., Löwén M., Mossakowska A. & Stark K. Utvinning av fosfor och andra produkter ur slam och aska, Slutrapport. (Extraction of phosphorus and other products from sludge and ashes, Final report) Stockholm Vatten AB, R nr 02, feb 2002, report. Levlin E., Löwén M., Stark K. & Hultman B. Effects of phosphorus recovery requirements on Swedish sludge management. Water Science Technology Vol 46, No. 4-5, pp. 435-440, abstract. Stark K., Hultman B., Levlin E., Löwén M. & Mossakowska A. Calculation of chemical needs in combined phosphorus removal and recovery at Henriksdal WWTP, Sweden. 3:d World Water Congress of IWA, Melbourne, Australien 7-12 april 2002, poster. Stark K., Hultman B. & Levlin E. New system technology for combined phosphorus removal and recovery. 3:d World Water Congress of IWA Melbourne, Australien 7-12 april 2002, poster. 2001: Hultman B., Levlin E., Mossakowska A. & Stark K. Effects of wastewater treatment technology on phosphorus recovery from sludges and ashes. 2 nd international Conference on Recovery of phosphates from sewage and animal wastes, Noordwijkerhout Netherlands March 12-13, 2001, paper, abstract. Levlin E. Recovery of phosphate and separation of metals by ion exchange Proceedings of a Polish-Swedish seminar Nowy Targ Poland, October 24-26, 2001, Report No 9. Joint Polish - Swedish Reports,TRITA-AMI REPORT 3088, ISBN 91-7283-190-1, pp. 81-90. Levlin E., Löwén M., Stark K. & Hultman B. Effects of phosphorus recovery requirements on Swedish sludge management. 2nd World Water Congress of IWA Berlin Germany, October 15–18, 2001, OH, abstract. Levlin E., Tideström H., Kapilashrami S., Stark K. & Hultman B. Slamkvalitet och trender för slamhantering. (Sludge quality and trends for sludge management) VA-forsk 2001-05, ISBN 91-89182-56-1, 70 pages, report. Stark K., Hultman B., Mossakowska A. & Levlin E. Kemikaliebehov vid fosforutvinning ur avloppsslam. (Demand of chemicals for phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge) Vatten Vol 57, No 3, pp. 207-215. Wikberg A., Palm O., Eriksson L., Hultman B., Levlin E., & Thyselius L. Förädling av rötrest från biogasanläggningar. RVF Utveckling. Rapport 01:9, ISSN 1404-4471. 2000: Hultman
B., Levlin E., & Stark K. Swedish debate on sludge handling.
Sustainable
municipal sludge and solid waste handling. Proceedings of a Polish-Swedish
seminar Krakow, May 29, 2000, Report No 7. Joint Polish - Swedish
Reports, TRITA-AMI REPORT 3073, Levlin
E. & Kapilashrami S. Sludge quality in Sweden – Inquiry
results for year 1995 to 1997, Sustainable municipal sludge and
solid waste handling. Proceedings of a Polish-Swedish seminar Krakow,
May 29, 2000, Report No 7. Joint Polish - Swedish Reports, Levlin E., Löwén M., Schmidt E., Hultman B. & Mossakowska A. Phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge incineration ash. 1 st World Water Congress of IWA, Paris, 2000.07.03-07.06, CD-ROM, ISBN 2-9515416-0-0 EAN: 9782951541603, abstract, poster. 1999: Levlin E. Resources recovery from incineration ashes, Proceedings of a Polish-Swedish seminar Stockholm August 24, 1999, Report No. 5, Joint Polish - Swedish Reports, TRITA-AMI REPORT 3063, ISBN 91-7170-439-6. pp. 43-53, paper. Lundin L. C. (editor) with 24 authors, 2 Water Use and Management, Sustainable Water Management in the Baltic Sea Basin, Baltic University Programme, Uppsala University, ISBN: 91-973579-4-4. Participated in Part I Sustainability and Water Management kapitel chapter 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, and Part III Urban Water Use and Management 13, 14, 15 and 16, Book. 1998: Levlin E. Sustainable sludge handling – Metal removal and phosphorus recovery, Advanced Wastewater reatment Proceedings of a Polish-Swedish seminar, Nowy Targ Poland, October 1-2, 1998, Report No. 3, Joint Polish - Swedish Reports, TRITA-AMI REPORT 3048, ISBN 91-7170-324-1. pp. 73-81 (Polish version: ISBN 83-906046-1-2, pp. 83-92), abstract, paper. Levlin E., Löwén M., Schmidt E., Hultman B. & Mossakowska A. Fosforutvinning ur aska. (Phosphorus recovery from ash) Stockholm Vatten AB, R. Nr 54 nov-98, 32 pages. 1997: Hultman B. & Levlin E. Vattenförsörjning till områden med vattenbrist. (Water supply to water scarce regions) Bilaga 4: Vattenexport, Förstudie av möjlig framtida export av färskvatten i stor skala från Sverige och Finland. Hultman B., Levlin E., Löwén M. & Mossakowska M. Uthållig Slamhantering. Förstudie. (Sustainable Sludge Handling. Prestudy) Stockholm Vatten AB, R. Nr 23 sept-97, Stockholm Water Ltd. 57 pages. 1996:Levlin E., Westlund L. & Hultman B. Rening av avloppsslam från tungmetaller och organiska miljöfarliga ämnen. (Removal of heavy metals and toxic organic contaminants from sewage sludge) VA–forsk 1996-08, ISSN 1102-5638, ISBN 91-88392-99-6, report. Corrosion and Material2000: 1996: Lubarski V., Levlin E. & Koroleva. E. Endurance test of aluminous cement produced from water treatment sludge. Vatten, Vol. 52, No. 1, ISSN 0042-2886, pp. 39-42. 1995: 1994: 1993: Levlin E. Material deterioration at different process conditions in waste deposits - Prestudy Report to Avfallsforskningsrådet, AFR, Område 4 Miljöanpassad deponeringsteknik, Diarienr. 314, dossienr. 230. 1992: Levlin E. Corrosion of water pipe systems due to acidification of soil and groundwater. Doctors thesis in Applied Electrochemistry and Corrosion Science, KTH, (Supervisor Einar Mattsson and examinator Daniel Simonsson) TRITA-TEK 1992:01, ISBN 91-7170-094-3, 30+96 pages, abstract. Levlin E. Corrosion by aeration cells in soil - Laboratory investigation of the influence of acid rain. 12:th Scandinavian Corrosion Congress & Eurocorr 92, Esbo, Finland June 1 to 4 1992, ISBN 951-96485-0-X, Vol II, pp 383–392. Levlin E. Corrosion by aeration cells in soil – Laboratory investigation of the influence of acid rain. TRITA-VAT 3921, Water Resources Engineering, KTH, (doctor thesis paper V). 1991: Levlin E. Kuprosolvens i hårda vatten. (Cuprosolvensy in hard waters) TRITA-VAT-4911, Water Resources Engineering, KTH, report. Levlin E. Korrosion på vattenledningsrör i mark. (Corrosion
of water pipes in soil) Levlin E. Corrosion of cast-iron in soil - Discussion of two theories, Especially with respect to the H2S/Fe2+-ratio. TRITA–VAT–4912, Water Resources Engineering, KTH, (doctor thesis paper VI). Levlin E. & Kapilashrami S. External corrosion of concrete pipes in soil water environment. Influence of acidification caused by air pollution. TRITA-VAT-1901, Water Resources Engineering, KTH, 51 pages. 1990: 1989: 1988: Levlin E. Kartläggning av försurningsbetingad korrosion av vattenledningsrör i mark - Skadefrekvensanalys. (Corrosion of underground water pipes due to acidification - Damage frequency analysis) TRITA-VAT-3884, Water Resources Engineering, KTH, (English version as doctor thesis paper III). 1986: 1985: 1984: 1983: 1982: 1981: Levlin E. Tentamensuppgifter i korrosionslära, AK 1977-1979 med lösningar. Skriftserie Korrosion och metallskydd, No 29, Applied Electrochemistry and Corrosion Science, KTH. 1975: |
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AbstractsPhosphorus recovery with acid and base from inorganic sewage sludge residues.Levlin E. Phosphate recovery from sludge incineration ash and sludge residues from Super Critical Water Oxidation, SCWO through leaching with acid HCl and base NaOH was studied. Leaching with base gives a selective dissolution of phosphorus but a low degree of recovery compared to leaching with acid. The high per cent of leached phosphorus compared to leached metals at leaching with acid, and the lower cost for acid makes leaching with acid less expensive. The cost for HCl is estimated to 0.32 Euro/kg P and upward. Since calcium may bind phosphorus at leaching with base, a two step process was tested. A first leaching step with acid at pH-level 4 to dissolve calcium was followed by a second leaching step with base. Two step leaching gave more leaching of phosphate, however, not as high as for leaching with acid. The cost for chemicals for two step leaching was estimated to 1.2 Euro/kg P and upward. Presentation at IWA Specialized Conference - Sustainable sludge management, 29-31 May 2006 Moscow Russia and published in Water Practice & Technology Vol. 2, No 1, 2007. Effects of phosphorus recovery requirements on Swedish sludge managementLevlin E., Löwén M., Stark K. and Hultman B. Expected requirements of phosphorus recovery,
restrictions of sludge disposal on landfill, and difficulties to
obtain consensus on sludge use on agricultural land has led to several
development works in Sweden to change sludge management methods.
Especially sludge fractionation has gained interest including following
steps to recover products and separate transfer of toxic substances
into a small stream. Commercial systems are offered based on technology
by Cambi/KREPRO and BioCon and other companies and many other methods
are under development. Iron salts are widely used in Sweden as precipitation
agents for phosphorus removal and this technology has some disadvantages
for phosphorus recovery compared with the use of biological phosphorus
removal. The amount of chemicals needed for a KREPRO or a Biocon
system was calculated for a treatment plant which has an addition
of iron salt resulting in 1900 mole Fe per tonne DS. The result
was compared with the chemical consumption of recovery systems installed
at plants with lower use of iron for precipitation. The chemical
consumption in equivalents per tonne DS was found to be 5000 + 6000
* (molar ratio iron to phosphorus).
Presentation at 2nd World Water Congress of IWA Berlin Germany,
October 15 - 18, 2001 (OH) and Bengt Hultman, Erik Levlin, Agnes Mossakowska and Kristina Stark Sweden and several other countries have a long tradition in phosphorus removal to protect the recipient from eutrophication. Traditions, availability of cheap precipitation agents and possibilities to reach very low effluent values of total phosphorus in combination with stringent requirements has led to the use, in Sweden, of chemical precipitation as the main method for phosphorus removal. Phosphorus is at present removed in an efficient and reliable way and more concern is now directed towards recycling of phosphorus as a limiting substance and risks of leakage of phosphorus to the recipient from deposits. A national goal has been set up by the Swedish government that 75% of phosphorus in wastes should be recovered. Problems related to phosphorus recycling by use of sludge in agriculture have led to the development of technologies to produce phosphorus products. In the Nordic countries, companies as BioCon, Cambi, Kemira, and Purac have worked out different solutions and are now offering phosphorus recovery for full scale applications. The systems are discussed based on the necessary use of chemicals and it is shown that the sludge composition has a major influence. Some modifications of present process technology are discussed for the largest treatment plant in Stockholm, Henriksdal, to meet the combined requirement of efficient phosphorus removal and recovery.
Aeration cell corrosion has been studied in situ in the soil at a test site in Göteborg, Sweden. The test site was also used for other projects studying groundwater and soil properties and their effects on the corrosion of metals in soil. Aeration cells have in previous work been studied by laboratory experiments. In this project ten aeration cells consisting of two carbon steel sheets each, connected together with a cable, was buried at a depth of 1 meter. The anodic sheets was buried in a lump of clay, and the cathodic was buried in the surrounding filling material. Two types of aeration cells were used, one with a cathodic sheet of the same size as the anodic sheets, and an other with a cathodic sheet being 10 times larger. The anode-cathode area ratio of the cells were 1:1 and 1:10. Four aeration cell was taken up after 1.085 year and the other after 2.685 year. For reference also sheets without connection to any aeration cells were exposed to the soil. After exposure weight loss and pitting depth was measured on all sheets On two aeration cells corrosion current and potential was measured during the 2.685 year test period. As a reference the corrosion potential of sheets with no connection to any aeration cells were measured. The corrosion of the anodic sheets in clay can be calculated from the measured cell current to 31.7 µm/year (2.59 µA/cm²) for the cell with area ratio 10 and 5.0 µm/year (0.47 µA/cm²) with area ratio 1. The difference in cell current between the cells increased with time; from about three times larger in the beginning to about eight. This can be explained by deposition of corrosion products on the cathodic sheet, causing a larger part of the anodic dissolution to be transferred to the anodic sheet. The difference in cell current will be 10 with no corrosion of the cathodic sheets and 1.82 with the same corrosion rates on both anodic and cathodic sheets. Weight loss measurement showed a corrosion rate on the anode in the clay of 0.033 mm/year with a smal cathode and 0.0514 mm/year with a large and a corrosion rate on cathode in the filling material of 5.6 µm/year with a smal cathode and 8.2 µm/year with a large. Sheet exposed without connection had a corrosion rate of about 0.013 mm/year in both clay and filling material. For sheets without connection the corrosion was almoust the same in clay and in filling material (about 0.013 mm/year). The pitting corrosion was much higher on unconnected sheets in the filling material (about 0.6 mm/year) compared to sheets in the clay (0.07 mm/year). Connecting the sheets together to aeration cells made the pitting corrosioin of the anode to increase (0.257 mm/year) and of the cathode to decrease (0.3 mm/year). This can be explained with that the rate of corrosion in clay is limited by diffusion of oxygen through the water saturated clay and in the filling material by precipitation of corrosion products on the surface. The corrosion of the sheets in the filling material is therefore higher on spots there the layer of corrosion products are weaken which givs pitting corrosion. Connecting the sheet to an areation cells moves the anodic reaction to the the sheet in the clay which are not protected by corrosion products and the pitting corrosion ot the cathode decreases. The cathodic reaction of the sheets in the filling material occures on the magnetite layer deposited close to the metal surface. Oral presentation at Eurocorr 2000 London UK, September 10-14, 2000 (Paper). |
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The objective was to study the possibility for phosphorus recovery from ash obtained from co-incineration of sludge with solid waste in a grate oven and with biofuel in a fluidized bed reactor. Incinerated sludge and ash from co-incineration with solid waste and biofuel were leached with hydrochloric acid at different concentrations and contact time. Leaching with 1M HCl or higher concentrations and during 8 hours gave more than 75 % dissolution of phosphorus. Metal contents of ash from the co-incinerations and in the leachate were measured and the ratio between metal and phosphorus was calculated. The ratio was higher for ash and leachate than for the sludge. For almost all metals the ratio for ash was higher than the limit for sludge approved for agricultural use. Poster at 1st World Water Congress of IWA, Paris France, July 3-7, 2000.
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Aeration
cell corrosion of carbon steel in soil:
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Corrosion of water pipe systems due to acidification of soil and groundwaterErik Levlin The acidification of soil and groundwater have given riseto the question if acidification of the soil may increase the corrosion of water pipe systems. As the problem is very complex, the primary purpose has been to get an overview of different effects on the corrosion environment, the corrosion process and its consequences. The influence of acidification on the external corrosion of pipes buried in the soil, was studied in a damage frequency analysis, but no connection was found. The corrosion in soil appears to be mainly dependent on other factors than acidification, such as the type of soil. With respect
to the position of the pipe in the soil three cases can be distinguished:
Laboratory experiments simulating aeration cell corrosion were carried out with two parallel cells, of which one was sprayed with acidified and the other with non-acidified water. The aeration cell was created by inserting two electrodes of cast-iron in a box, the anode in clay and the cathode in sand. Acidification increased the leaching in the cell which caused the resistivity in the sand above the groundwater level to increase, while the resistivity below the groundwater level decreased. In some cases the corrosion thereby increased while in other cases it decreased. The geometry of the cell, especially the location of the cathode, determined whether the corrosion would increase or decrease due to acidification. In another investigation the geographical distribution of corrosion induced water damages was compared with the distribution of acidification effects, and a significant correlation was observed. Due to changes in the supply water quality, primarily the pH-value, the alkalinity and the sulphate content, the acidification of the groundwater may lead to increased internal corrosion of water pipe installations in buildings. Defended January 29 1993 at dep. of Applied Electrochemistry and Corrosion Science, Royal Inst. of Technology, Sweden. TRITA-TEK 1992:01, ISBN 91-7170-094-3 |